Dendrochronology - Tree Ring Records of Climate Change

Dendrochronology is the formal term for tree-ring dating, the science that uses the growth rings of trees as a detailed record of climatic change in a region, as well as a way to approximate the date of construction for wooden objects of many types. Key Takeaways: Dendrochronology Dendrochronology, or tree-ring dating, is the study of growth rings in deciduous trees to identify absolute dates of wooden objects.  Tree rings are created by the tree as it grows in girth, and the width of a given tree ring is dependent on climate, so a stand of trees will all have a near-identical pattern of tree rings.The method was invented in the 1920s by astronomer Andrew Ellicott Douglass and archaeologist Clark Wissler.  Recent applications include tracking climate change, identifying pending slope collapses, finding American trees in World War I trench construction, and using chemical signatures in tropical trees to identify past temperature and precipitation.  Tree ring dating is also used to calibrate radiocarbon dates. As archaeological dating techniques go, dendrochronology is extremely precise: if the growth rings in a wooden object are preserved and can be tied into an existing chronology, researchers can determine the precise calendar year—and often season—the tree was cut down to make it. Because of that precision, dendrochronology is used to calibrate ​radiocarbon dating, by giving science a measure of the atmospheric conditions which are known to cause radiocarbon dates to vary. Radiocarbon dates which have been calibrated by comparison to dendrochronological records are designated by abbreviations such as cal BP, or calibrated years before the present. What are Tree Rings? Cross section of a tree illustrating the cambium layer. Lukaves / iStock / Getty Images Tree-ring dating works because a tree grows larger—not just height but gains girth—in measurable rings each year in its lifetime. The rings are the cambium layer, a ring of cells that lies between the wood and bark and from which new bark and wood cells originate; each year a new cambium is created leaving the previous one in place. How large the cambiums cells grow in each year, measured as the width of each ring, depends on temperature and moisture—how warm or cool, dry or wet each years seasons were. Environmental inputs into the cambium are primarily regional climatic variations, changes in temperature, aridity, and soil chemistry, which together are encoded as variations in the width of a particular ring, in the wood density or structure, and/or in the chemical composition of the cell walls. At its most basic, during dry years the cambiums cells are smaller and thus the layer is thinner than during wet years. Tree Species Matters Not all trees can be measured or used without additional analytical techniques: not all trees have cambiums that are created annually. In tropical regions, for example, annual growth rings are not systematically formed, or growth rings are not tied to years, or there are no rings at all. Evergreen cambiums are commonly irregular and not formed annually. Trees in arctic, sub-arctic and alpine regions respond differently depending on how old the tree is—older trees have reduced water efficiency which results in a reduced response to temperature changes. Invention of Dendrochronology Tree-ring dating was one of the first absolute dating methods developed for archaeology, and it was invented by astronomer Andrew Ellicott Douglass and archaeologist Clark Wissler in the first decades of the 20th century. Douglass was mostly interested in the history of climatic variations exhibited in tree rings; it was Wissler who suggested using the technique to identify when adobe pueblos of the American southwest were built, and their joint work culminated in research at the Ancestral Pueblo town of Showlow, near the modern town of Showlow, Arizona, in 1929. The Beam Expeditions Archaeologist Neil M. Judd is credited with convincing the National Geographic Society to establish the First Beam Expedition, in which log sections from occupied pueblos, mission churches and prehistoric ruins from the American southwest were collected and recorded alongside those from living ponderosa pine trees. The ring widths were matched and cross-dated, and by the 1920s, chronologies were built back nearly 600 years. The first ruin tied to a specific calendar date was Kawaikuh in the Jeddito area, built in the 15th century; charcoal from Kawaikuh was the first charcoal used in (the later) radiocarbon studies. In 1929, Showlow was being excavated by Lyndon L. Hargrave and Emil W. Haury, and dendrochronology conducted on Showlow eventuated the first single chronology for the southwest, extending over a period of over 1,200 years. The Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research was established by Douglass at the University of Arizona in 1937, and it is still conducting research today. Building a Sequence Over the past hundred years or so, tree ring sequences have been built for various species all over the world, with such long date strings as a 12,460-year sequence in central Europe completed on oak trees by the Hohenheim Laboratory, and an 8,700 year-long bristlecone pine sequence in California. Building a chronology of climate change in a region today was first simply a matter of matching overlapping tree ring patterns in older and older trees; but such efforts are no longer based solely on tree-ring widths. Features such as wood density, the elemental composition (called dendrochemistry) of its makeup, the anatomical features of the wood, and stable isotopes captured within its cells have been used in conjunction with traditional tree ring width analysis to study air pollution effects, the uptake of ozone, and changes in soil acidity over time. Medieval Là ¼beck In 2007, German wood scientist Dieter Eckstein described wooden artifacts and building rafters within the Medieval town of Là ¼beck, Germany, an excellent example of the myriad ways the technique can be used. Là ¼becks medieval history includes several events that are pertinent to the study of tree rings and forests, including laws passed in the late 12th and early 13th century establishing some basic sustainability rules, two devastating fires in 1251 and 1276, and a population crash between about 1340 and 1430 resulting from the Black Death. Construction booms at Là ¼beck are marked by the extensive use of younger trees, which signal demand outpacing the ability of the forests to recover; busts, such as after the Black Death decimated the population, are denoted by a long period of no construction at all, followed by the use of very old trees.In some of the wealthier houses, the rafters used during construction were cut down at different times, some spanning more than a year; most other houses have rafters cut down at the same time. Eckstein suggests that is because wood for the wealthier house was obtained at a timber market, where the trees would have been cut and stored until they could be sold; while less well-off house constructions were built just-in-time.Evidence of long-distance timber trade is seen in wood imported for pieces of art such as the Triumphal Cross and Screen at the St. Jacobi Cathedral. That was identified as having been constructed out of wood that had been specifically shipped in from 200-300-yea r-old trees from the Polish-Baltic forests, probably along established trade routes from Gdansk, Riga, or Konigsberg harbors. Tropical and Subtropical Environments Clà ¡udia Fontana and colleagues (2018) documented advances in filling a major gap in dendrochronological research in tropical and subtropical regions, because trees in those climates have either complex ring patterns or no visible tree rings at all.  That is an issue because because since global climate change is in progress, we need to understand the physical, chemical and biological processes that effeect terrestrial carbon levels is increasingly important. The tropic and subtropic regions of the world, such as the Brazilian Atlantic Forest of South America, store about 54% of the total biomass of the planet. The best results for standard dendrochronological research are with the evergreen Araucaria angustifolia (Paranà ¡ pine, Brazilian pine or candelabra tree), with a sequence established in the rainforest between 1790–2009 CE); preliminary studies (Nakai et al. 2018) have shown that there are chemical signals which trace precipitation and temperature changes, which m ay be leveraged for gaining more information.   The elliptical rings on this tree from Turkey show that the tree grew tilted on a slope for several years, the part facing the upslope identified by the narrowness of the ring in the right hand side of the image. Mehmet Gà ¶khan Bayhan / iStock / Getty Images A 2019 study (Wistuba and colleagues) found that tree rings can also warn of impending slope collapses. It turns out that trees that are tilted by landsliding record eccentric elliptical tree rings. The downslope parts of the rings grow wider than the upslope ones, and in studies carried out in Poland, Malgorzata Wistuba and colleagues found that those tilts are in evidence between three and fifteen years prior to catastrophic collapse. Other Applications It had long been known that three 9th century Viking period boat-grave mounds near Oslo, Norway (Gokstad, Oseberg, and Tune) had been broken into at some point in antiquity. The interlopers defaced the ships, damaged the grave goods and pulled out and dispersed the bones of the deceased. Fortunately for us, the looters left behind the tools they used to break into the mounds, wooden spades and stretchers (small handled platforms used to carry objects out of the tombs), which were analyzed using dendrochronology. Tying tree ring fragments in the tools to established chronologies, Bill and Daly (2012) discovered that all three of the mounds were opened and the grave goods damaged during the 10th century, likely as part of Harald Bluetooths campaign to convert Scandinavians to Christianity. Wang and Zhao used dendrochronology to look at the dates of one of the Silk Road routes used during the Qin-Han period called the Qinghai Route. To resolve conflicting evidence over when the route was abandoned, Wang and Zhao looked at wood remains from tombs along the route. Some historical sources had reported the Qinghai route was abandoned by the 6th century AD: dendrochronological analysis of 14 tombs along the route identified a continuing use through the late 8th century. A study by Kristof Haneca and colleagues (2018) described evidence for the importation of American timber to construct and maintain the 440 mi (700 km) long defensive line of World War I trenches along the western front. Selected Sources Bill, Jan, and Aoife Daly. The Plundering of the Ship Graves from Oseberg and Gokstad: An Example of Power Politics? Antiquity 86.333 (2012): 808–24. Print.Fontana, Clà ¡udia, et al. Dendrochronology and Climate in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest: Which Species, Where and How. Neotropical Biology and Conservation 13.4 (2018). Print.Haneca, Kristof, Sjoerd van Daalen, and Hans Beeckman. Timber for the Trenches: A New Perspective on Archaeological Wood from First World War Trenches in Flanders Fields. Antiquity 92.366 (2018): 1619–39. Print.Manning, Katie, et al. The Chronology of Culture: A Comparative Assessment of European Neolithic Dating Approaches. Antiquity 88.342 (2014): 1065–80. Print.Nakai, Wataru, et al. Sample Preparation of Ring-Less Tropical Trees for ÃŽ ´18O Measurement in Isotope Dendrochronology. Tropics 27.2 (2018): 49–58. Print.Turkon, Paula, et al. Applications of Dendrochronology in Northwestern Mexico. Latin American Antiquity 29.1 (2018 ): 102–21. Print.Wang, Shuzhi, and Xiuhai Zhao. Re-Evaluating the Silk Roads Qinghai Route Using Dendrochronology. Dendrochronologia 31.1 (2013): 34–40. Print.

Jane Eyre and Tess of the DUrbervilles Essay examples

Comparative Study - Jane Eyre and Tess of the DUrbervilles Comparison of Thomas Hardys Tess of the DUrbervilles and Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontà « is possible as both authors were writing in the same time period; therefore both books contain certain aspects attributed to one genre: the Victorian Novel. However its is also important to realise the differences between the books as well as the similarities; the diversities are what give each novel its individuality and make it distinct from other books by the same author or included in the same genre. The first chapter of a novel is always vital as it is essential in capturing the reader and enticing them to read on. In addition, the opening section plays a part in†¦show more content†¦They torture her, referring to her as and animal and a madcat. Subsequently her living situations change, only for Jane to endure more harsh conditions at Lowood school: we had scarcely sufficient to keep alive a delicate invalid. Jane addresses the reader, clearly intoning that she is aware of this higher power fate has out-manoeuvred me yet later on rebuking it God has given us, in a measure, the power to make our own fate. This contrast highlights for both the characters and the reader the unpredictability and unsure feelings associated with fate. In the first chapter of both novels the reader sees how social status affects the way in which an individual is treated: Jane is thought of as a lesser being not worthy of treatment as a human: -bad animal! This is emphasised through the use of the animal insults, and because the reader sees them entirely from Janes point of view, it is hard to see any good in the Reeds. For Tess, her believed change in status is just one of the many aforementioned incidents which lead to her fate. Her familys intent belief that they are descendents of the DUrberville family causes them to behave differently, to change the way they think about themselves and other people. 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Target, Positioning, and Marketing Mix at Bmw Free Essays

string(139) " program for 2006 and newer models, which provides a 12-year limited rust perforation protection without mileage limitations \(http://www\." Target, Positioning, and Marketing Mix at BMW BMW is one of the world’s largest luxury car companies and it is easy to understand why. Not only does this premium auto brand have a high resale value, but strong brand loyalty and an even bigger profit margin than mass-produced cars (Holloway, 2002). This in turn enables the premium maker to spend more on research and development into the minds of its target market to make better, more advanced cars with a powerful brand image. We will write a custom essay sample on Target, Positioning, and Marketing Mix at Bmw or any similar topic only for you Order Now BMW is a German automobile, motorcycle and engine manufacturing company, which owns and produces the Mini brand, and is the parent company of Rolls-Royce Motor Cars. BMW is well known for its sporty, yet sophisticated image which has been built up since the 1970’s with many motor sports victories, and its BMW Group’s worldwide mission statement, â€Å"To be the most successful premium manufacturer in the industry† (http://www. bmwgroup. com). The majority of BMW’s success is attributed to the development of a consistent marketing policy, the ‘market niche’ strategy. The company has built is brand on four core values, which are technology, quality, performance, and exclusivity, whereas BMW has traditionally positioned its brand to be perceived as the leader in performance (Arnold, n. d. ). In fact, the BMW group and all BMW models are all about performance on the road and inside the plant in which they are manufactured. The fundamental core benefits for BMW customers are reliability, durability, and style. People who buy BMW are also paying for the engineering and quality, not for breakdowns (Arnold, n. d. . Buyers normally expect certain qualities in their cars when they purchase at BMW. Brand associations of German luxury brands like BMW include powerful, high-quality, fast, pricy, luxurious, classy, and sleek (Holloway, 2002). BMW owners usually purchase because they know they can rely on its solid background of high-quality vehicles, and superior performance, but they also know they are getting a vehicle that looks sporty, classy, and expensi ve at the same time. Technology plays a huge role in the difference between BMW and its competitors. BMW has combined its superior quality product with that of technology to enhance BMW service experience for its customers. In fact, research by Wanke, Bohner, and Jurkowitsch, (1997) suggest that BMW’s Augmented Reality has created the bridge and extends the real world by adding virtual information to assist BMW Service staff in their highly demanding technical work. Using augmented reality, a BMW mechanic receives additional three-dimensional information on the engine he/she is repairing. For example, augmented reality can be used to help in diagnosing and solving the fault in and engine (Horatiu, 2009). Apart from the real environment, technicians can see virtually animated components, the tools to be used and hear instruction on each of the working steps through headphones integrated inside the goggles (Horatiu, 2009). Next stands the exclusivity of BMW’s potential product and the ideas’ genesis come up with. BMW now makes cars using resources that would otherwise be wasted by putting them to good use. For instance, the Landfill Gas-to-Energy Project at BMW used to reduce its reliance on natural gas and better utilizes the previously untapped methane, which is a byproduct of decomposing trash and can have harmful effects on air quality. By turning this methane into energy, the plant has reduced carbon dioxide emissions equivalent to removing 61,000 automobiles from the U. S highways each year (Arnold, n. d. ). Today, 63 percent of the plant’s total energy is derived from landfill gas (Arnold, n. d. ). Not only that, this project has three core benefits, it reduces the amount of harmful greenhouse gases released into the air, allows BMW to use a wasted energy source by transforming the methane gas produced from the nearby Palmetto Landfill into electricity to heat for the plant, and it saves a lot of money for the company as a whole (Arnold, n. . ). BMW is now the first auto company in the world to use green energy to fuel its painting facility. Furthermore, since its inception, the project has been expanded to utilize landfill gas to fuel 23 oven burners in the paint shops at BMW and supply indirect heat to these areas (Arnold, n. d. ). In addition, marketers have classified BMW products as specialty goods be cause they have a unique characteristic or brand identification for which a sufficient number of buyers are willing to make a special purchasing effort (Kotler Keller, 2009). Consumers who purchase BMW’s are willing to go to great lengths and travel afar to buy one. In fact, BMW is a product that stands above the rest requiring very little if any comparison to other brands as buyers already know exactly what they are looking for when in search of this particular type of vehicle (Holloway, 2002). Thus consumers that purchase BMW’s are investment buyers and often have upscale purchasing habits. And it is this reason that BMW, unlike many other marketers, has stopped emphasizing demographics such as targeting customers based on age and income, and tarted targeting based on mind-set and lifestyle. BMW marketers understand that their customers are concerned about status, and so this is what they focus their attention on. When advertising BMW marketers have focused on the specifics of the BWM and emphasis are often placed on the fact that BMW is continuously managing its cars performance quality through time, and research (Boudette, 2005). It cons istently strives to improve its products and for years has produced high returns and market shares for this very reason. Ideally, BMW’s positioning has been maintained over such a long period of time because the company possesses and develops an incredible competitive advantage. In terms of price, BMW’s mid-range vehicles start around $29,400 up to the most prestigious and luxurious vehicles priced around $130,000 (Boudette, 2005). Additionally, every new BMW is covered by a limited warranty for defects in materials or workmanship for the first four years or 50,000 miles, whichever comes first. BMW also offers a rust protection program for 2006 and newer models, which provides a 12-year limited rust perforation protection without mileage limitations (http://www. You read "Target, Positioning, and Marketing Mix at Bmw" in category "Papers" bmwgroup. com). Additional accessories and services offered by BMW include iDrive, Real Time Traffic Information, BMW Roadside Assistance, and BMW assist all the more reasons why consumers choose BMW. iDrive links BMW vehicles’ with communications, navigation and entertainment functions allowing owners to make calls, listen to music, plot routes and find places to stop along the way, with just one controller all at the same time. Real Time Traffic takes owners down shorter and faster routes, preventing them from getting stuck in traffic. It identifies traffic accidents and delays in real time and continuously updates the service 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, while smaller markets report only during normal commuting hours (http://www. bmwgroup. com). BMW Roadside Assistance is a feature most BMW owners find comforting because if they are traveling and get a flat, run out of gas, or need a tow BMW will send someone out immediately to assist no matter where the customer is located. BMW owners are covered in all 50 states, in Canada and Puerto Rico, even if someone else is driving the vehicle. These services are offered 24 hours, 365 days a year, at no additional cost, and without any mileage restrictions (http://www. bmwgroup. com). BMW assist, on the other hand, works as a sense of security, and is there for BMW customer’s safety. It is a convenient service that adds peace of mind for BMW owners, and is suitably equipped in 2007 and later models. BMW assist is part of the Ultimate Service at BMW, and is included at no additional cost for up to 4 years. This service connects owners to a response specialist that can help with almost everything, from an emergency situation to directions and traffic information by just a push of a button (http://www. bmwgroup. com). At BMW distribution is about the use of consistent standards of quality, safety, and processes at all locations. They guarantee worldwide premium products made by BMW Group as well as the careful use of resources being the guiding principle behind all production and planning. Its living structure is what enables it to react flexibly to customer demands and market requirements and conditions throughout the world (Ludwig, n. ). This is why they have such flexibility in models, as well as their ability to build additional numbers of certain models in other plants, if necessary. BMW gives its consumers exactly what they want building models with options customized to fit the individual consumer (Ludwig, n. d). As a result, the company’s dealerships keep very few cars on the lot. Instead, BMW offers intimate showrooms where customers can view cars and place orders with individual custom options that they select (Ludwig, n. d). After the car has been selected and the customer has chosen their individual custom features, BMW directs its manufacturing plant to produce the car and deliver it within a matter of days. Logistically speaking, when it comes to BMW and the channel of information, it means using CRM to strengthen communications with its dealers and make it as easy as possible for potential customers to get all the buyer information they need (Ludwig, n. d). BMW group also uses e-commerce strategies as a means to explore the market for effective business. The group introduced an ordering system in 1998 which gives dealers the option of showing customers their desired car on the screen and confirming the delivery date on the spot. Through the use of this system, the time frame when the vehicle can be built with the desired fitting is configured within a few seconds and is reserved in the production process immediately (Ludwig, n. d). Furthermore, the manufacturing logistics department at BMW has such outstanding internal processes to such a level that when changes accord due to customers’ wishes regarding issues as omplicated as engine capacity to something as small as the color of the upholstery it can be immediately communicated, and in most cases resolved prior to shipment of the vehicle. Moreover, the company has adopted a consistent advertising strategy. In addition to the message of its values being portrayed in advertising campaigns, the company explicitly expresses one or more of these values in all BMW advertisements (J ones, 2010). Its design philosophy also runs through every BMW advertisement communicated through TV and print ads. Its brand imaged has been built up by using over 300 different types of color press advertisements, as well as 64 different types of television commercials (Jones, 2010). BMW ads are always consistent and focus on the substance of the cars themselves. However, it is important to point out that BMW also relies on its sensitivity to the environment, which is clearly seen by how the company’s advertisements evolved in response to economic, environmental and competitive changes. In addition, since the competition started to imitate BMW’s adverting messages of outstanding quality, BMW decided to come up with a more unique way to reach its target audience. The company did so by hiring Fallon Worldwide, an advertisement agency, to come up with new campaigns. Now BMW uses guerilla public relations campaigning as a means to drive sales. Its diverse promotion tactics include seeding news of the BMW Films at key Internet entertainment rumor sites and radio DJ programs in 20 key metro markets, and BMW manufacturers use web mostly to drive its brand (Jones, 2010). In fact, BMW takes the phrase â€Å"beyond the banner† seriously. In its ads for the BMW Compact, the car drives out of the banner ad and around the sides of the browser window, to show how it loves corners. BMW’s online strategy in the UK is highly-brand drive, with clickthrough considered to be a side benefit (Jones, 2010). Not only that, BMW uses traditional banner ads, with pull-down menus, Superstitials, transitional ads which appear between pages, sponsorship and dynamic html ads like the one mentioned previously to promote its brand message and to drive the benefit of ownership in terms of the driving experience (Jones, 2010). Superstitials are highly interactive, non-banner ads that can be any size on the computer screen and up to 100k in file size. They can feature animation, sound graphics capable of effectively conveying integrated advertising messages while protecting its Web site’s performance (Jones, 2010). BMW utilizes this form of advertisement to achieve multiple goals, including branding, direct marketing, commerce and entertainment. In conclusion, as a worldwide organization, BMW Group has a long and established heritage of manufacturing premium products and holding true to its four core values of technology, quality, performance, and exclusivity. Today, BMW is one of the most respected companies and recognizable brands in the world. This is due to the fact that the BMW Group continues its leading position in the premium segments of the domestic and international automobile markets. The BMW Group has long pursued the objective of continuously and permanently increasing its company value and has done so by playing an active role in both shaping internal economic success factors as well as corporate citizenship in society as a means to gain and retain loyal customers. References Arnold, P. V. (n. d. ). BMW: The ultimate reliability machine. Retrieved March 2, 2011, from http://www. reliableplant. com/Read/5197/bmw-reliability Boudette, N. E. (2005). BMW’s Push to Broaden Line Hits Some Bumps in the Road. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved March 3, 2011, from http://www. bimmerfest. com/forums/showthread. php? t=83762 Holloway, N. (2002). The best-driven brand. Forbes. com Inc. Retrieved March 01, 2011, from http://www. forbes. com/global/2002/0722/024. html Horatiu, B. (2009). BMW Augmented Reality. BMWBLOG News. Retrieved March 02, 2011, from http://www. bmwblog. com/2009/09/03/bmw-augmented-reality/ Jones, J. (2010). Driving Success Digitally. Response, 19(1) 30-35. Retrieved March 7, 2011, from EBSCOhost Direct database. Kotler, P. , Keller, K. L. (2009). Marketing Management. Upper Saddle River, NJ:Prentice Hall. Ludwig, C. (n. d). Standing atop the Welt of BMW’s vehicle distribution. Automotive Logistics. Retrieved March 5, 2011, from EBSCOhost Direct database. Wanke, M. , Bohner, G. , Jurkowitsch, A. (1997). There Are Many Reasons to Drive a BMW: Does Imagined Ease of Argument Generation Influence Attitudes? Journal of Consumer Research, 24(2) 170-177. Retrieved March 6, 2011, from EBSCOhost Direct database. How to cite Target, Positioning, and Marketing Mix at Bmw, Papers

Childhood Obesity for Body Mass Index - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theChildhood Obesity for Body Mass Index. Answer: Introduction In medical, the term childhood obesity refers to the condition in which the body accumulates an excess of fat that results in affecting the health or well-being of a child negatively. The methods of determining directly about the body fat are difficult so the obesity can be diagnosed with the help of BMI (Body Mass Index). BMI determines the obesity among the children from two years or more. It is measured by the ratio of weight to the square of height. Obesity has become a rising prevalence among the children and having many harmful effects on health. This has been identified as a vital health concern. In the case of children, the term overweight has been used instead of obese because of it less stigmatising (Comans et al. 2013). The main cause for the children for becoming obese are genetic factors as well as environmental factors, unhealthy eating habit, lack of physical activities or a combination of all these factors or in rare cases due to hormones. Obesity also happens because of socioeconomic status, social policies and family practices like number of mothers have decreased breastfeeding and children are less engaged in outside games and more indulged in technology games like television or video games. In order to reduce the physical activity of their children parents are driving their kids to the school by car, as the member in the family are becoming less so the adults can afford foods packed with calories like candy or soda drinks for their children, having social get together for meal increases the rate of obesity in children. According to Hoque et al. (2014), the social issues that are helping for the increase of obesity in children are the quality of lunches that the schools are providing them is unhygienic; nowadays schools are giving more emphasis on studies and neglecting the physical activities. The children are getting access to the vending machines and the fast food made in restaurants, subsidies that the government are giving like corn oil, sugar. The prices of healthy foods are becoming high and unhealthy low, allowing the advertisement of fast food restaurants and the calories contained candy. In cities or town due to the increase industries and areas for building flats, children are not getting a park for playing. For reducing, the obesity parents must be supportive, talk about their weight, and focus on changing their family physical activities and eating habit and indulged them more in physical activities. Customer Profile Customer Jobs: Generally from the customer job we get to know about the needs of all the customers, the problem which they are facing and implementing necessary actions to get them solved and for these the tasks which they are performing. The customers because of their bad eating habits and lack of exercises especially the children are facing obesity at an early stage of life. The foods that the schools are proving to the children the quality is not good so the management must take good care of that. Their parents drive children to the school (Millar et al. 2014). The parents must stop this activity and give their children a bicycle for riding to school. The food that is made in food must be healthy especially for the children and take good care of their physical exercises. Customer Pains: Hayes et al. (2016) stated that customer pains signify the accumulation of all the emotions that are negative and the costs that are undesirable, the situation that the customers are facing and the risk they are experiencing or will experience from all these at the time or after the customer job has been done. This assignment deals with obesity that the children at a tender age will be or is facing due to unhealthy eating and indulging in less physical activities. By eating unhygienic foods, children will accumulate fat in the body that will turn into obesity and for that, they have to face problems like high cholesterol, early heart disease, bone problems, Diabetes and high blood pressure (Delavari et al. 2017). All these will make the kid less active and more suffer related to health issues. They will lose confidence and go into depression seeing other children actively participating in other activities (Javed et al. 2015). Parents and the management of health in sc hool have to take care of these children by looking into their eating habits and trying to indulge these children into physical activities like sports or swimming, which will slowly help them in reducing their weight, and come into the normal category of BMI. Customer Gains: The customer gets to know about the benefits and the aspiration of the customers and by doing the customer pain they can trigger their personal, economic as well as their functional areas. The children suffering from obesity can indulge in physical activities and can control their eating habits to help them in gaining positive emotions. This can help them to come into the normal category of BMI and other children will not let them feel alone (LeBlanc et al. 2015). They can participate in all functional activities as well as sports activities which will help them in gaining confidence and all these will results in children not suffer from diseases which cost more in case money and also in the health of the children at this early age (Krause et al. 2016). Solution After researching on the obesity that the children are facing at an early stage of age group due to the practices are done by the family and the social issues and to maintain the socio-economic status of their family. The parents are pampering their children because of less number of members in the family. They give their children all the modern facilities for maintaining the standard of living without realising that they are making their children less active in physical activities and helping them in becoming lazy by increasing their interest in modern technology like television, laptops or mobiles where they are wasting their time remaining at home without going out for playing. For these, they are becoming less active in sports and becoming unhealthy and eating of junk foods that take less time and have more calories in helping them become obese. ValueProposition Pitch: Communicating the Reasons Behind the Solution Product Services: According to Thind et al. (2015), product and services list the each and every products and service which can build around the value proposition of the services providing to the customers are helping them in receiving either of the functional or emotional or social. The health manager has to take steps in giving healthy food during the lunch that is given to the children keeping in mind that the food is excess in nutrition and less in fat. They must maintain a balanced diet in the lunch. The school management must indulge the students into the social activities like the planting of trees and playing games with other children, having competitions like swimming or races. Gain creators: The gain creators describes the way the products creates a gain for the customers and in which way it adds value quality of value for the customers (Bambra et al. 2015). The steps taken by the health managers will results in gain for the children, as they will become physically active as well as socially and environmentally active. They will build interest in nature and love to enjoy the beauty of nature that will give them fresh oxygen and reduces the diseases that will cause due to air pollutions. Their eating habit will change and will become good and healthy and they will not get interested in junk foods (Lacy et al. 2015). Pain relievers: In pain relievers, we get to know about the description of the products in what it is addressing the challenges that are needed and the pains the customers have to suffer and how the negative emotions, the unfavourable situations and the undesirable costs can be eliminated (Ho et al. 2014). The activities of the health manager will reduce the pain that the children are going to face at this stage of life. They will become physically active in socially as well as their mentality will be changed. They will play and interact with other children during playing instead of staying at home and watching television. They will not suffer from the diseases like high blood sugar or bone problem as they will not get into the category of obesity and enjoys the natural beauty of nature. This will reduce the cost the family will have to spend on the children for their diseases except for hormonal one. Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded that obesity has become popular among the children from the age of two and above. This problem is increasing especially because of the family factors and social factors and to maintain the standard of living in the society that is helping in increasing the chances of children for suffering from obesity that has become a major health concern among the public. Therefore, the activities of their parents and the health management of the school can reduce this by making them more indulge in physical activities and changing their unhealthy eating habits into healthy foods. School can provide healthy hygienic food by maintaining a balanced diet for the children during lunch. Family can stop preferring fast foods for its easily available in the market with fewer efforts for their family meal and family must build interest among their children to go out for playing with other children and enjoy the beauty of nature and be physically active. Reference List Bambra, C., Hillier, F., Cairns, J., Kasim, A., Moore, H. and Summerbell, C., (2015). 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